自然之旅无障碍休闲小径，赫尔辛基，芬兰

景观设计：普伊斯托建筑师工作室

Landscape Architects: Studio Puisto Architects Ltd.

（尚晋 译）

1 步道鸟瞰/Aerial view of the boardwalks

将自然献给所有人

自然之旅项目的出发点是让芬兰赫尔辛基当地的自然景点，无论在实际上还是从以人为本的角度，都更符合无障碍要求。其结果是遍布在城市多座岛屿上的一系列无障碍自然小径栈道。尽管该地区有丰富的生物多样性和优美的原野，但原有的步道设施无法满足吸引人们来此游玩的兴致。而这些新的步道就是要让它为之一变。

作为赫尔辛基与塔林之间的一次合作，自然之旅项目邀请普伊斯托工作室，联手Nomaji 事务所设计新的无障碍自然步行栈道。最初是拉马萨里岛，后期是老城湾岛和哈拉卡岛。它们都位于赫尔辛基。

在拉马萨里岛上，通向小岛的原有栈道和小径设施按照模数化的设计进行了重新制作。这个设计包含了4 种不同的要素。这种施工方法让原有的基础结构和软性的弯曲部位，沿着约1000m 长的栈道路线以可持续的方式实现了再利用，而没有造成浪费。与此同时，沿着小径建造了两座新的观鸟平台，靠近岛上现在的观鸟塔处还有一座平台。

另一方面，对于哈拉卡岛，重点在于以统一的方式标示自然小径的新途径，以及为它们设计统一的扶手系统。该地区原有的混凝土地堡也被改造成一座观鸟塔。倚靠在地堡上或缠绕着它的木构步道则创造出一个隐蔽的观察点。

为所有人的设计

自然之旅项目最基本的一个因素就是，整个栈道都需要为每个人的平等享用精心设计。这就意味着它必须满足适当的无障碍要求。为了最好地满足这个要求，小径柔和地按着坡地的曲线一路下去。而观景平台的尽端全部为玻璃窗，让儿童和坐轮椅的人都能畅通无阻地眺望辽阔的大自然。此外，这些观景平台的尽端也以有机的方式放大，以满足教学功能，并带来更便于社交、舒适宜人的观鸟体验。这些细部尽管在实践中非常微小，却有助于让小径给所有人都带来更好的无障碍体验，而不会破坏设计整体的美感。

防洪的建筑

鉴于该地段定期会遭受洪水危害，自然之旅栈道便顺应了这一自然现象，而不是抵御它。在它的模数化构造中，沿着栈道边缘有一排竖直木杆。小径就附着在两侧，而不是完全固定在地上。因此，当洪水来到拉马萨里岛，栈道基础结构的顶层不仅会随水浮起，而且因为布置了这些木杆还会保持在原位。通过允许一切自然现象对建筑产生影响，即使是那些通常被认为是不好的，栈道充分融入了四周的自然——这是我们认为适合自然步道的解决方案。总体来看，我们希望自然之旅的设计方法将在后世更好地实现与身边大自然的交融。□

（尚晋 译）

Bringing nature to all

The Nattours project began with the goal of making the local natural attractions in Helsinki, Finland more accessible, not only from a practical standpoint, but a humanistic one too. The result was a series of accessible nature trail boardwalks throughout several islands in the city. Despite the rich biodiversity and scenic wilderness in the area, the pre-existing trail structures were not able to support and drive enough interest into their use and these new trails sought to change that.

As a joint effort between the cities of Helsinki and Tallinn, the Nattours project involved Studio Puisto, in collaboration with Nomaji Oy, to design the new accessible nature trail boardwalks initially for Lammassaari island with later phases in Vanhankaupunginlahti and Harakka island, all of which are located in Helsinki.

For the island of Lammassaari, the preexisting duckboards and path structures leading into the island were redone with a modular design that consists of four different components. This construction method allowed for the preexisting base structures and soft bends to be sustainably reused along the approximately one-kilometre long boardwalk route without waste. At the same time, two new birdwatching platforms were built along the path with an additional platform next to the current bird observation tower on the island.

On the other hand, for the island of Harrakka, the focus was instead on developing new ways to coherently mark the nature trails as well as designing uniform railing systems for them. A preexisting concrete bunker in the area was also transformed into a birdwatching tower, with the wooden structures making up the trail leaning on and twisting around the bunker to create a sheltered observation place.

Design for everyone

One of the most fundamental aspects to the Nattours project was that the entire boardwalk needed to be thoughtfully designed for everyone to equally enjoy, meaning that it was essential for it to be adequately accessible. To best prioritize accessibility, the path follows gently sloping curves along the way while the ends of the observation platforms are fully glazed to allow both children and wheelchair users alike the possibility look out into the vast nature without obstruction. In addition, the ends of these observation platforms are also organically enlarged to support teaching purposes as well as to facilitate a more social, comfortable birdwatching experience. These sorts of details, although subtle in practice, help make the paths more accessible for all without taking away from the overall design aesthetic.

Floodproof architecture

Given the site's propensity to periodically flood, the Nattours boardwalk supports this natural occurrence rather than interferes with it. In its modular construction, the structure has a sequence of vertical wooden poles along its edges where the path is attached to on the sides as opposed to anchoring the path entirely into the ground. Thus, when the island of Lammassaari floods, the top substructure layer of the boardwalk not only floats upwards with the water, but also remains in place due to the placement of these wooden poles. By allowing all natural events, even those conventionally seen as negative, to have an influence and effect on the architecture, it fully embraces the nature around it - a solution we feel is fitting for a nature trail. Altogether, the design approach for Nattours is one that we hope will better foster an engagement with nature around us for the generations to come.□

项目信息/Credits and Data

客户/Client: 赫尔辛基市/City of Helsinki

合作伙伴/Partners: Mikko Jakonen, Emma Johansson, Sampsa Palva, Heikki Riitahuhta, Willem van Bolderen

团队成员/Team Members: Ioana Maftei

协作伙伴/Collaborators: Nomaji Oy: Varpu Mikola

设计启动/Start of Design: 2016

竣工时间/Completion Time: 2018

摄影/Photos: DECOPIC

2 平面和剖面/Rendered plan and section

3-5 观景平台近景,平台尽端的玻璃提供了无障碍的视野/Close up of one of the observation platforms. The end is glazed to allow for unobstructed viewing.

6 自然之旅无障碍休闲小径的秋景/The Nattours accessible recreational path in fall colours.

7 步道局部平面，所有的交叉口都考虑到无障碍出行而设计成圆形/Detailed plan of the boardwalks. All the intersections are rounded to allow for easier accessibility.

8-9 步道剖面细部，两个高度的扶手可以更好地适应所有人/Detailed section of the boardwalks. There are two handrail heights to better accommodate everyone.

10 步道没有直接接触地面，因此当该地区发生洪水时，步道的下部结构会随之抬升/The boardwalk is not attached directly to the ground so that when the area floods, the substructure of the boardwalk lifts with it.

评论

王小荣：赫尔辛基的无障碍休闲小径是尊重自然、尊重人文的设计产物，强调以人为本，设计所有人都可以参与、使用、体验的步道，必须满足无障碍出行要求；还要融入自然，符合自然景观的特征，不干扰鸟类等自然物种的生活。因而，3座小岛上重新设置了儿童和轮椅使用者均可利用的无障碍自然步道系统。

无障碍休闲小径平缓流畅，弯道、岔路行动自如，尽端扩展的观鸟平台前端全部以玻璃替代栏杆，不仅可以休息交流，轮椅回转，还可以毫无遮挡地观赏、体验大自然的魅力，融入小岛独具魅力的原野自然环境中，毫无障碍的拥抱大自然。

周静敏：自然之旅不仅是无障碍的步行栈道，更创造了一种生态与人文交流的方式。设计从观景、步行体验上充分考虑每个使用者的需要，突破了一般的通行要求，实现了无障碍的“自然旅途”。设计尊重自然的伟大，也尊重模数化的建造逻辑，让未来的拆卸、更新成为可能，解决现存栈道的再利用问题。同时，对于洪水自然危害，以木构立柱支撑起漂浮结构，形成自然而有机的应对方式。栈道材料的选用及细部构造设计，都给人以从周围自然环境中生长出来的感受，巧妙地融合在天地、植物、鸟兽及四季变换的自然景观中，在生态环境中营造了一种平等、和谐的场所精神。

Comments

WANG Xiaorong: The Nattours project in Helsinki is the design product of respecting nature and humanity. The trails not only meet accessibility requirements and allow everyone to participate, use and experience it, but also blend in nature and do not interfere with the life of natural species such as birds. As a result, the trail structures for both children and wheelchair users have been reconfigured on the three islands.

The trails which are gentle and fluent enable people to move freely in curves and forks, and the ends of the enlarged observation platforms are fully glazed to allow people not only to rest, communicate and turn round the chair freely, but also look at the great scenery and feel the charm of nature. Everyone can integrate into the natural environment which is the unique charm of the islands, embracing nature without obstruction. (Translated by WANG Jing)

ZHOU Jingmin: Nattours is not only an accessible walkway, but also creates a way of communication between ecology and culture. Fully considering the needs of each user in the aspect of scenic view and walking experience, the design breaks through the normal tra☆c requirements and achieves the accessible "natural journey". The design respects the greatness of nature and the modular construction logic, making it possible for disassembling and renewal in the future, and solving the problem of reuse of the existing walkway. At the same time, the floating structure supported by wooden columns becomes a natural and organic response to the natural hazards of floods. The material selection and detailed structure design of the walkway give people the feeling that it grew out of the surrounding natural environment. It integrates skillfully in the natural landscape of the earth, plants, animals, and the changing seasons, and creates an equal and harmonious spirit of place in the ecological environment. (Translated by CHEN Yuxiao)

11 部分观景台包含座椅/Some of the observation platforms also include seating.

12 部分观景台的尽端是圆形的，方便教学或更大的参观团体/Other observation platforms are rounded at the edges to facilitate teaching purposes or larger groups.