课堂教学札记两则

2016-11-18 08:24:04杨定生
中学课程辅导·高考版 2016年10期
关键词:同位语难句例析

一、认识同位语及同位语从句

1. 同位语

著名的英语语法大家薄冰说,“当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时,一个句子成分可用来说明或解释另一个句子成分,前者就叫做后者的同位语 (appositive)”。而充当同位语的多为名词或代词,有时也可用数词、形容词、不定式或动名词等充当同位语。

如:We, the Chinese people, are determined to build China into a powerful and prosperous country.

我们中国人民决心将中国建设成一个强大繁荣的国家。

They all wanted to see the film. 他们都想看电影。

Are you two ready? 你们俩都准备好了吗?

He read all kinds of books, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign. 他读各种各样的书, 古今中外的都有。

Our suggestion, to concentrate on primary education, has got many supporters. 我们的集中全力于初等教育的建议得到了很多人的支持。

The first proposal, working at night, was turned down. 第一个建议,“挑灯夜战”,被拒绝了。

2. 同位语从句

1) 同位语从句, 通俗地讲,就是在主从复合句中,用一个从句,放在某些名词后面,用来说明这些名词的具体内容。

I heard the news that our team had won.我听到了我们队获胜的消息。

He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。

I have no idea when she will come. 我不知道她什么时候来。

2) 后常接同位语从句的名词有news,idea,fact,promise,question,doubt,thought,hope,message,suggestion,words,possibility等。

如:Ive come from Mr. Wang with a message that he wont be able to see you this afternoon. 我从王先生那里带来口信他今天下午不能来看你了。

I have no idea what he said at the meeting. 我不知道他在会上说了些什么。

There is some doubt whether he is the best man for the job. 他是不是担任那项工作的最佳人选,有点疑问。

Is there any possibility that he will be elected chairman? 他有被选为主席的可能吗?

3) 引导同位语从句的连接词及其功能与特点

连接词功能与特点例句

连接词

that,

whether

同位语从句意义完整,应用that引导同位语从句。

that 在从句中不担任任何成分,仅起连接作用,无语义,不可省略。The general gave the order that the soldiers should cross the river at once.

They were worried over the fact that you were sick.

The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.

同位语从句意义不完整,需表达“是否”的含义,应用whether引导同位语从句。whether 在从句中不担任任何成分,仅起连接作用,但有语义。

(if不能引导同位语从句)Answer my question whether you are coming.

The question whether it is right or wrong depends on the result.

连接代词

who, what, whose, which既起连接作用,又有语意,同时在从句中担任成分(主语、宾语、表语或定语)。The question who should do the work requires consideration.

Have you any idea what time it starts?

We dont understand the problem why this is the best choice.

连接副词

when, where, why, how同位语从句意义不完整,需表达“什么时候”、“什么地点”、“什么方式”等含义,应用when, where, why,how等词引导同位语从句。他们既起连接作用, 又有语义,同时在从句中还担任“状语”成分。I have no idea when he will be back.

I have no idea where I should go.

We dont understand the problem why this is the best choice.

I have no impression how he went home, perhaps by bike.

4) 值得注意的是,在那些表示“建议、命令、要求”等意义的名词(如suggestion,advice,order, demand, requirement等)后面的同位语从句要用虚拟语气。

如:There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team. 有一项建议是布朗应该离队。

They expressed the wish that she accept the award. 他们表示希望她接受这笔奖金。

5) 有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面,而被别的词 (谓语或状语部分)隔开。

The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city. 他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了。

The story goes that he often beats his wife. 传说他经常打老婆。

同位语从句巩固练习

1. Theres a feeling in me well never know what a UFO is—not ever.

A. thatB. which

C. of whichD. what

2. There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars road conditions need.

A. that; to be improved

B. which; to be improved

C. where; improving

D. when; improving

3. Do you have any idea is actually going on in the classroom?

A. thatB. which

C. asD. what

4. Danby left word with my secretary he would call again in the afternoon.

A. whoB. that

C. asD. which

5. —Its thirty years since we last met.

—But I still remember the story, believe it or not, we got lost on a rainy night.

A. whichB. what

C. that D. when

6. Tomorrow is Toms birthday. Have you got any idea the party is to be held?

A. thatB. which

C. whatD. where

7. A warm thought suddenly came to me I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mothers birthday.

A. ifB. when

C. thatD. which

8. The fact has worried many scientists the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years.

A. whatB. which

C. thatD. though

9. News came from the school office Wang Lin had been admitted to Beijing University.

A. whichB. what

C. whereD. that

10. —Is there any possibility you could pick me up at the airport?

—No problem.

A. whenB. that

C. whetherD. what

参考答案:1—5 AADBC6—10 DCCDB

二、“去枝叶留主干移位置”破解长难句

随着词汇量和阅读量的增加,不少学生本以为阅读应无多大困难,但事实却相反,更会经常遇到许多又长又难以理解的句子。如何破解这一困境:

(一) 了解长难句的成因

一般来说,造成长难句的原因有: (1) 过多的修饰语;(2) 多并列成份; (3) 语言结构层次多。

(二) 掌握破解理解长难句的基本方法

1. 要掌握英语句式的基本结构和基本句式

1) 简单句的五种基本句型:(其他各种句子都可由这些基本句型扩展或变化而成。)

① 主语+系动词+表语如:He is a student.

② 主语+不及物动词如:We work.

③ 主语+及物动词+宾语如:Henry bought a dictionary.

④ 主语+及物动词+双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语)如:My father bought me a car.

⑤ 主语+及物动词+复合宾语(宾语+宾补)如:Tom made the baby laugh.

2) 句子种类

(1) 按句子的用途可分为四种:

A. 陈述句(肯定、否定)

如:He is six years old.

She didnt hear of you before.

B. 疑问句(一般、特殊、选择、反意)

如: Do they like skating?

How old is he?

Is he six or seven years old?

Mary can swim, cant she?

C. 祈使句

如:Be careful, boys.

Dont talk in class.

D. 感叹句

如:How clever the boy is!

(2) 按句子的结构可分三种:

A. 简单句:只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)。

如:He often reads English in the morning.

Tom and Mike are American boys.

She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.

B. 并列句:由并列连词(and, but, or等)或分号(;)把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。

如:You help him and he helps you.

The future is bright; the road is tortuous.

并列句的分类

① 表示连接两个同等概念,常用and, not only... but also..., neither... nor..., then, as well as等连接。

如:The teachers name is Smith, and the students name is John.

② 表示选择,常用的连词有or, either... or..., otherwise, or else, rather than等。

如:Hurry up, or youll miss the train.

③ 表示转折,常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。

如:He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.

④ 表示因果关系,常用的连词有so, for, therefore, then, thus等。

如:August is the time of the year for rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.

C. 主从复合句:含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。主从复合句包含:一个主句以及名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)、定语从句和状语从句等。

如:Whether he will come or not doesnt matter much.(主语从句)

He asked me which team could win the game.(宾语从句)

The problem is (that) they cant get here so early.(表语从句)

I made a suggestion that he (should) go there at once.(同位语从句)

The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.(状语从句)

2. 掌握英语句子的基本结构、句式和句子的类型,用以分析长难句的构成:

分析长难句, 不妨按照“去枝叶留主干移位置”的方法并按照以下的步骤来进行:

1) 找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语,从整体上把握句子的结构,搞清楚句子的“主干”。

2) 找出句中所有的修饰成分,如形容词、副词、非谓语动词、介词短语等,搞清楚他们各自的作用,这些都是句子的“绿叶”。

3) 分析句子的语法功能,是并列句还是复合句,是名词性从句还是定语从句、状语从句等, 这些都是 句子的“树枝”。

4) 注意插入语等其他成分及某些次要成分的特殊用法和含义。

5) 注意句子是否有特殊的结构,如倒装、强调等。

(三)例析

例析①The gravity of the situation shocked Bob Geldof, an Iris musician, so he organized a charity concert called Live Aid to raise money for the victims of hunger in Ethiopia.(p.2 M10)

在上述句中, an Iris musician 为Bob Geldof 的同位语,说明他的身份。因此 该句可简化为: The gravity of the situation shocked Bob Geldof。

而连词so连接一个并列句,表结果。该句意为“he organized a charity concert”,而 a charity concert 后的called Live Aid 为过去分词短语作后置定语,修饰说明a charity concert,同时后面还有动词不定式短语to raise money for the victims of hunger in Ethiopia作为he organized a charity concert的目的状语(为何组织音乐会)。在分析了该句后就不难理解该句的基本意义:

这一情况的严重性使爱尔兰音乐家鲍勃·格尔多夫感到震惊。因此,他组织了一场名为“Live Aid (现场援助)”的慈善音乐会,为埃塞俄比亚饥荒受难者募集资金。

例析②The WFP has organized a number of programmes, including the FoodLife programme, which sends emergency food aid to countries during times of trouble; the FoodforGrowth programme, which targets people most at risk, such as babies, pregnant women and old people; and the FoodforWork programme, which helps people without jobs support themselves by giving them work and paying them in food aid. (p.2, M10)

该句虽长但主干却很短:The WFP has organized a number of programmes。而including 后则有三个并列的内容并且各带有一个非限制性定语从句说明programme:

including:

① the FoodLife programme, which sends emergency food aid to countries during times of trouble;

② the FoodforGrowth programme, which targets people most at risk, such as babies, pregnant women and old people;

③ and the FoodforWork programme, which helps people without jobs support themselves by giving them work and paying them in food aid.

该句意为: 世界粮食计划署(the WFP)已经组织了若干个项目, 包括:挽救生命粮食计划——该计划为处于危机时刻的国家送去紧急粮食援助;(包括)健康成长粮食计划——主要以身处危险中的人为目标,如婴儿、孕妇和老人,并教导他们有关营养的知识;(包括)帮助无业的人们维持生计的以工贷赈计划——通过给他们工作,用食物援助支付他们的工资。

例析③The topic of the Romany will continue to be controversial, and the peace between them and many Europeans is tentative at best. (p.31, M10)

该句中, 尤为值得关注的是短语 at best,意为“充其量,至多” 。有些短语由于微小的差异很容易让人误解。

该句意为: 有关罗姆人的话题将会继续引发争议,罗姆人和许多欧洲人之间的和平充其量只是暂时的。

例析④On the other hand, many people, including some scientists, disagree and are afraid that, if mankind toys with nature in this way, we may be on their way to producing a reallife Frankensteins monster. (p.42,M5)

该句中,many people disagree and are afraid 是句子的主干部分(主语和谓语),而including some scientists是介词短语,在句子中作定语,修饰people;that...是disagree and are afraid 的宾语从句,在宾语从句中,if mankind toys with nature in this way是条件状语从句。

在该句中,短语on the other hand意为“另一方面”,常与on the one hand连用;短语toy with...意为“戏弄”;短语on their way to中的to为介词,后面常接名词、代词或Ving形式,意为“在……途中;即将进行,在向……迈进”。

该句意为:另一方面,包括一些科学家在内的许多人持不同意见,他们担心人类如此戏弄自然,可能将制造出现实生活中的弗兰肯斯坦怪物。

例析⑤Nowhere is this truer than with genetically modified (GM) food. (p.59, M5)

在该句中, 由于否定词nowhere 置于句首而用倒装语序。truer是true的比较级且与否定词连用,则表示最高级的意义。

该句意为: 转基因食品就是最好的例子。

英语长难句是多种多样的,我们可以采用多种方法来理解。比如,把长难句根据各部分的功能,进行分解,为使语意连贯,可以改变句式或适当增加词语。有人曾以下句为例:The number of the young people in the United States who cant read is incredible about one in four. 这是一个比较简单的句子,仅在the young people后带有一个定语从句who cant read, 如果按照原有的句子结构直译:“没有阅读能力的美国青年人的数目令人难以相信约为1/4。” 这样的汉译既不通顺也不太合汉语的表达习惯,因此不妨译为:“大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力,这简直令人难以置信。”

巩固练习:

试读并翻译下列句子:

1. The thing I like best about them is that your money is going to be a good cause and not into the pockets of profitdriven companies, and you are not damaging the planet, but finding a new home for unwanted goods.

2. The real attractions of the Hollowell farm to me were its position, being about two miles from the village, half a mile from the nearest neighbor,bounded on one side by the river,and separated from the highway by a wide field.

3. The lack of right male role models in many of their lives—at home and particularly in the school environment—means that their peers are the only people they have to judge themselves against.

4. Her work—thought to be the first of its kind to test the pressure theory—resulted from the observation that juvenile blacktip sharks off Florida moved into deeper water ahead of a violent storm in 2001.

5. It was then that I realized that I had not really come to help,but to learn about and experience another culture that helped improve my own understanding of life and the world.

6. This process is also found among scholars and authors: a statement of opinion by one writer may be restated by another, who may in turn be quoted by yet another;and this process may continue, unless it occurs to someone to question the facts on which the original writer based his opinion or to challenge the interpretation he placed upon those facts.

参考答案:

1. 对于它们,我最喜欢的是你的钱被用于办好事的,而不是进了营利公司的口袋,你不是在破坏这个星球,而是在为那些人们不需要的商品找到一个新的去处。

2. Hollowell农场真正吸引我的地方是它的位置,它离村子大约两英里,距最近的邻居半英里,一边临河,另一边又有一大块宽阔的田野把它与公路隔开。

3. 在他们很多人的生活中,比如在家里,尤其是在学校,缺少合适的男性榜样,这就意味着他们只好对照自己的同龄人来评判自己。

4. 她的研究,被认为是第一个测试压力理论的研究,是来自于一次对于初生黑鳍鲨的观察。在2001年,在一次强风暴来临之前,这些黑鳍鲨被观察到从佛罗里达海岸游到较深的水域。

5. 只有在那时我才意识到我并非真的来帮忙的,而是来了解和体验另一种有助于提高我对生活和世界的理解的文化。

6. 在学者和作者中,常常也会发现这个过程:一个作者陈述的观点有可能会被另外一位作者重述,然后他的重述或许又会被另一个作者引用。这个过程会继续下去,除非有人质疑原作者的观点所根据的事实或者是对原作者对这些事实的解释提出异议。

(作者:杨定生,南京市第三高级中学)

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