Effects of Urea Ammonium Chloride of Different Fertilization Patterns on Maize Yield and Yield Components

Lin ZENG, Yingfeng ZHAO,Yunfei SONG, Shunsheng LU*, Yan LIU, Yan SHAN, Guangxiu QIAN, Jiucai YANG, Limin MA

1. Longyang Agricultural Technique Extension Station of Baoshan City, Baoshan 678000, China;

2. Longyang Soiland Fertilizer Work Station of Baoshan City, Baoshan 678000, China

Soil is the habitat of all crops,and fertilizer is the nutrient to soil, which plays an irreplaceable role in crop growth. The level of soil fertility and fertilizer ability determines the crop yield, and according to the test data statistics of 41 countries and 18 years by United Nations food and agriculture organization (FAO),the contribution rates of fertilizer on grain yield were between 40% and 60%[1]. In China, it was also demonstrated that rice,wheat and maize with reasonable application of chemical fertilizer increased by 48%in yield[2],compared to that with no no fertilizer.Therefore, the using of fertilizer resources and scientific fertilization were of great significance to increase grain yield. Variety selection and scientific use of conventional fertilizer increased the maize yield[3-5]. Domestic develop ment and application of new fertilizers had been reported in references,WANG Jiaming introduced the development and application of 4 new fertilizers, which were urea-ammonium chloride, enzyme activation phosphate fertilizer, high-tower water-retaining slow-release fertilizer, and long-lasting slow-release diammonium phosphate[6-7].

ZHU Yanping reported[8], the yield of rice, which was applied with ureaammonium chloride, increased by 56 kg/667 m2, 9.3%, than that of normal fertilized plot. The research results of HUANG Jinfa, SHI Yanping, WANG Runyi and so on was that,the applying pure nitrogen of urea-ammonium,which was environment friendly nitrogen-saving fertilizer and applied on late rice, decreased by 34.78% compared to that of urea treatment. The yield of late rice did not decrease, but increased slightly. Also, appropriate application of urea-ammonium with combined application of organic fertil-izer or returning-straws-to-field could relive the unbalanced problem of nitrogen[9]. Studies of GU Zhi-quan, QIN Jun and Fan Peixian etc. showed that[10], the fertilizer efficiency of ureaammonium chloride consistently applied on wheat in moisture soil was significantly better than that of ammonium chloride,urea and ammonium bicarbonate treatment.

Research result of SUN Linfu was that polypeptide urea on maize could increase the yield by 11.89%[11]. The effects of controlled release urea fertilization method and dosage on nitrogenous fertilizer and yield of summer maize were studied by SU Lin, Dong Zhixin and SHAO Guoqing et al[12].The results showed,compared to normal urea, under the same nitrogen application level, maize ear leaf photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content,nitrate reductase activity grain-filling rate were significantly improved by treatment of coated controlled release urea, and the maize grain output was 9.5%higher than that of common urea treatment on average; Bottom application of controlled release urea could increase the grain yield by 6.2% ,compared with side-dressing controlled release urea. These academic achievements lay a certain foundation for the subsequent research , however,the effects of different fertilization mode of urea-ammonium chloride on on maize yield and yield components were not reported. Therefore, in this study, the effects of different fertilization mode of urea-ammonium chloride on on maize yield and yield components were studied by field trial to improve maize yield,choose nitrogen fertilizer reasonably, and improve the utilization rate of fertilizer.

Materials and Methods

Basic information of experimental field

Responsibility farmland of HU Wenrong of Wuma village committee of Xiyi town in longyang district of Baoshan city, which is located in the 24°50′8″ N, 99°20′58″ E, 1 652 m above sea level, and the annual average temperature is 17.5 ℃, and the annual rainfall is 1140 mm, and more than 80%of the rainfall concentrates in May 20 - October 10. The soil type is loggogenic paddy soil, and the soil genus is lake mud field, and the soil species is Cement field, which is lightweight and sticky with fertility of medium to high.The preceding crop of experimental field is broad beans with the yield of 1 650 kg/hm2.

Test material

The testing variety was Baoyu 7,which belonged to maize of single cross. The testing fertilizer were urea(N46%),superphosphate (P2O516%),potassium sulphate (KO250%)and nitrogenous fertilizer-urea-ammonium chloride produced by Shahe compound fertilizer factory of Baoshan,with the nitrogen content of 26%( 8%of amidonitrogen and 18%of ammonium nitrogen).

Test method

Test adopted completely randomly for 3 replications,with the area of 30 m2(10 x 3 m),and 5 treatments were set: ①Equaling nutrient of urea-ammonium chloride and urea,with normal phosphorus and potassium fertilizer,and the NPK fertilizer were applied as seed manure for one-time, which equaled 1 194 kg/hm2of 26% ureaammonium chloride, 750 kg/hm2of 16% calcium superphosphate, and 225 kg/hm2of 50% potassium sulfate(310.5 kg/hm2of pure N,120 kg/hm2of P2O5, 112.5 kg/hm2of K2O). ②26%urea-ammonium chloride nutrient reduction 40%, with normal phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and the NPK fertilizer were applied as seed manure for one-time, which equaled 716.4 kg/hm2of 26% urea-ammonium chloride, 750 kg/hm2of 16% calcium superphosphate,and 225 kg/hm2of 50%potassium sulfate (186.3 kg/hm2of pure N,120 kg/hm2of P2O5,112.5 kg/m2of K2O).③26%urea-ammonium chloride nutrient reduction 40%, with normal phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and 33% of total 26% urea-ammonium chloride and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer were applied as seed manure for one-time,and 25%of the 26% urea-ammonium chloride were applied as fertilizer for seed bed,and 42% of the 26% urea-ammonium chloride were applied as fertilizer for head sprouting, which equaled 716.4 kg/hm2of 26% urea-ammonium chloride, 750 kg/hm2of 16% calcium superphosphate,and 225 kg/hm2of 50%potassium sulfate (186.3 kg/hm2of pure N, 120 kg/hm2of P2O5, 112.5 kg/hm2of K2O). ④normal fertilizer applied by traditional method (CK1),and 33% of total 46% urea and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer were applied as seed manure for one-time,and 25%of the 46%urea were applied as fertilizer for seed bed, and 42% of the 46%urea were applied as fertilizer for head sprouting, which equaled 675 kg/hm2of 46% urea, 750 kg/hm2of 16% calcium superphosphate, and 225 kg/hm2of 50% potassium sulfate(310.5 kg/hm2of pure N,120 kg/hm2of P2O5,112.5 kg/hm2of K2O).⑤Contrast(CK1), the NPK fertilizer were not applied.

The preceding crop of experimental field is broad beans with the yield of 1 650 kg/hm2,which was harvested on 16 April 2014.Afterwards,rotary tillage was conducted twice, and ditching of 30 cm row spacing was operated on 5 May. The seeds were sowed in good time when it was rainy season and the rainfall was higher than 35 mm[3]. The whole field entered into rain season on 12 June 2014,and it was sowed on 15 June 2014,the groove center distance was 1 m, and the hill spacing was 30 cm, 3 seeds were sowed in every hill,the application was conducted by the method described in Section “Test method”, and the seed manure was applied between hills, and the seed manure contact was forbidden,and 5-8 cm earth mulch was covered timely after the seed manure was applied,meanwhile, closed atomizing weeding was applied at 150 ml/667 m2and 30 kg of water were closed weeding. The seedling emergency come out on 28 June, and 2 plants were kept in each hill after final singling, which was 200 plants each estate, and fertilizer for seed bed, shallow intertillage and hilling were conducted. Fertilization for head sprouting, deep intertillage and thick hilling were applied at bell stage on 6 August. They complete riped on 15 October, harvested on 19 October,aired on 2 November and weighed to record the yield.

Investigation item and method

Economic characters were examined for three repeats, 10 m2of field was investigated in each repeat to obtain the average value by statistic anal-ysis, the investigation projects were basic seedlings, plant height, ear height, effective plant, absolute plant,ear length, ear diameter, bare top,grains per panicle, theoretical yield and actual yield. In child-bearing period,sowing time, seeding stage, jointing stage, bell stage, tasseling stage,anthesis and harvest time.

Data analysis

Data was analyzed by completely random analysis of variance analysis[13],and the relevant data was statistically analyzed.

Results and Analyses

Effects of different fertilization pattern on maize yield

The test results were analyzed by the analysis of variance,the difference between groups were not significant,while the differences between treatments reached extremely significant level. As Table 1 showed, the yield of treatment①was the highest,which increased by 7.3% comparing to CK1(treatment④),and increased by 46.8%comparing to CK2 (treatment⑤); the differences of yield between treatment①and treatment②, treatment①and treatment ③, treatment ①and treatment④(CK1)reached significant level,and the difference between treatment①and treatment⑤(CK1) reached extremely significant level; differences of treatment ②, treatment ③and treatment ④ (CK1) did not reach significant level, the differences among treatment②,treatment③,treatment④(CK1) and treatment⑤(CK2) reached extremely significant, moreover, the yield of treatment ②and treatment ④equaled, which were the second high and increased by 36.8% comparing to CK2(treatment⑤).

Table 1 The Duncan’s test on maize yield of different treatments.

Table 2 Analysis on maize yield component of different treatments

Table 3 Observation on maize growth periods of all treatments

Effects of different fertilization pattern on maize yield component

As Table 2 showed, the average basic seedlings of each treatment was 6 6667 plants/hm2, the differences of the effective plant and spike of treatments were not significant; The plant height of treatment①was the highest,which was not significantly different from that of treatment②, treatment③and treatment ④, but was extremely significantly different from that of treatment ⑤; the ear height of treatment④was the highest, which was not significantly different from that of treatment ①, treatment ②and treatment③,but was extremely significantly different from that of treatment ⑤;The ear length of treatment④was the highest,which was not significantly different from that of treatment①, treatment②and treatment③, but was extremely significantly different from that of treatment ⑤; the ear diameter of treatment ①was the longest, which was not significantly different from that of treatment②,treatment③and treatment④,but was extremely significantly different from that of treatment ⑤;the bare top length of treatment⑤was the longest, which was extremely significantly different from that of treatment①,treatment②,treatment③andtreatment④, while the bare top length of treatment ② was the secondlongest, which was significantly different from that of treatment①,treatment③and treatment ④; the kernels per spike and thousand seed weight of treatment ①were the highest, which were not significantly different from that of treatment ①, treatment ②and treatment③, but were extremely significantly different from that of treatment⑤.

As Table 3 showed, the growth period of CK2 (treatment⑤) was the longest, which was 123 d, and that of other treatments were 119 d, and the differences of growth periods of all treatments were not significant.

Table 4 The yield,production value and benefit comparison of all treatments

Effects of different fertilization pattern on maize economic benefit

According to the market price of 2014, the price of maize was 2.20 yuan/kg, and the price of 46% urea was 2.39 yuan/kg, and the price of 16% calcium superphosphate was 0.74 yuan/kg, and the price of 50%potassium sulfate was 4.40 yuan/kg,and the price of 26% urea ammonium nitrogen was 1.95 yuan/kg.As Table 4 showed,the production value of treatment①was 24 860.0 yuan/hm2,which was the highest, and increased by 7.3% and 7.3% compared to CK1(treatment④)and CK2 (treatment⑤).The yield of treatment②and treatment④ were 23 172.6 yuan/hm2, which were the second highest, and increased by 7.3% and 46.8% compared to CK2 (treatment⑤). The ratio of fertilizer to production of treatment②was the highest, which was 1:7.9,and the sequence of ratio of fertilizer to production of other treatments was as follows: treatment ③＞treatment ④＞treatment①.

Discussions

Nitrogen fertilizer has an important role in maize nutrition, and reasonable scientific fertilization can significantly improve the yield, agronomic traits and economic traits. The yield and nitrogen uptake of treatments,which were applied with different forms of nitrogen fertilizer (urea,NH4+-N and NO3--N), were apparently higher than treatments without fertilizer[14]. Stable nitrogen fertilizer can not only improve the summer maize yield and economic benefit, but also can promote the nitrogen absorption and accumulation of nitrogen[15]. The test of fertilizer effect showed,fertilizer effect of urea ammonium chloride was long, which had the same increasing yield effect as urea,the farming properties and economical properties could be improved obviously to increase yield. The fertilize pattern of high yield of maize was that urea ammonium chloride and PK fertilizer were applied as seed manure for one-time between hills,which were 1 194 kg/hm2of 26% urea-ammonium chloride, 750 kg/hm2of 16% calcium superphosphate, and 225 kg/hm2of 50%potassium sulfate (310.5 kg/hm2of pure N, 120 kg/hm2of P2O5, 112.5 kg/hm2of K2O).

Efficient fertilizing of maize,application of new fertilizer,improvement of fertilizer use efficiency and relieving agricultural surface pollution and increasing grain yield, to protect country food safety, and many experts and scholars studied on it.From November 13 to November 14 in 2012, in the eighth representative plenary session of Chinese institute of nutrition and fertilizer, which was academic annual meeting of 2012,ZHU Zhaoliang,academician of Chinese Academy of Engineering, said that, nitrogen use efficiency of wheat,rice and maize in domestic were only about 35%. Good application of fertilizer resource and improvement of fertilizer use ratio were important to country food safety and environment quality[16]. WANG Yinrong believed, the statement that the use ratio of nitrogen fertilizer food crop did not increase compared to that of late 80 s of 20thcentury did not accord with actual production[17]. LI Shujun thought[18], through scientific and reasonable application of nitrogen, frequent and small amounts of controlledrelease nitrogen fertilizer and other fertilizing methods, the loss of nitrogenous fertilizer was decreased and the nitrogen use efficiency was improved.On the application of new type fertilizer,application of controlling release nitrogen fertilizer on maize,the yield was increased compared to contrast, to improve nitrogen use efficiency[19]. The application of controlled-release nitrogenous fertilizer could improve yield of summer maize and nitrogen use efficiency[20]. The application of 26%urea-ammonium chloride nutrient reduction 40%,which was equal amount of 60% pure nitrogen, has the same yield-increasing effect of traditional application pattern of urea, and inputoutput ratio was high with remarkable economical benefit; Except slight increasing of bare top length,there were no negative effects on agronomic traits and economic characters,but with improvements of different degree.Therefore, application of 26% ureaammonium chloride on maize could improve nitrogen use efficiency, nutrient reduction 40%,which contain agricultural non-point source pollution caused by nitrogenous fertilizer from source. The high-yield cultivation and efficient fertilization pattern of maize was: 26% urea-ammonium chloride nutrient reduction 40%t, with normal phosphorus and potassium fertilizer,were applied as seed manure for onetime between two seed holes, which equaled 716.4 kg/hm2of 26% urea-ammonium chloride, 750 kg/hm2of 16% calcium superphosphate, and 225 kg/hm2of 50% potassium sulfate(186.3 kg/hm2of pure N,120 kg/hm2of P2O5,112.5 kg/hm2of K2O).

The experiment indicated, application of 26% urea-ammonium chloride had has good popularizing prospect, however, experiment places were few, and crop variety was sole with short age limit. In areas of different altitudes area, quadratic general rotational regression combination design was used, to study relationship of yield and fertilizing amount(26% ureaammonium chloride, 16% calcium superphosphate and 50% potassium sulfate), and establish mathematical model of all factors and yield index.Under high-yield cultivation and optimal fertilization schedule, experiment and demonstration of New variety of japonica rice, which is Yunnan 4, in Baoshan city of Yunnan Province[21],and successful experiences of remarked significant economic benefit created by large area promotion[22],experiment and demonstration of all places were applied, which promoted the popularization and application of large area.

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