Nine Moments That Changed History 趣说历史:改变历史的九个瞬间

2014-04-29 00:00:00
新东方英语·中学版 2014年3期

70,000 years ago: mother steps out

According to DNA studies, modern humans2) left Africa in a single migration, spreading across the planet after just one tribe crossed into today's Arabia. Indeed, it's reckoned that every human alive now who is not sub-Saharan African ultimately derives from a single woman. Archaeologists argue, but the \"out of Africa\" thesis3) is the most popular explanation. So from Tokyo to Helsinki, Sao Paulo to Saffron Walden, we're all family. I find that curiously moving, in a woozy4), Olympics-ceremony kind of way.

From 11,000 years ago: the invention of porridge5)

Or, to put it differently, the first of at least five separate moments6) when farming was discovered—that is, the planting and selection of cereals, alongside the tethering7) of some animals. It meant that people stopped being nomadic hunters, and human populations grew, trapping farmers with more mouths to feed. It also meant tooth decay, bad backs and a lot of very boring work. But without it there would have been no villages, towns—no empires, no cars, no moon landing, no history, really, at all. And, of course, with GM foods8) and fish farms, it's an ancient story that hasn't stopped.

c.2000 BC: Da Yu and the Great Flood

Da Yu is a mythic rather than historical figure. He's supposed to have united the clans living along China's Yellow River by persuading them to co-operate in a huge network of channels and canals to end its devastating floods. It turns out that the link between rivers such as the Yellow, the Nile, the Tigris and the Indus, and the growth of early civilisations is very strong. To tame them, or irrigate, people have to be organised and submit to some kind of authority. So rulers and classes emerge. Da Yu symbolises something absolutely real. I like the idea that China's first hero was a civil engineer.

c.35AD: Saul falls over9)

Why did the creed10) of Jesus of Nazareth11) sweep the Mediterranean? The tent maker from Tarsus and persecutor12) of Christians, Saul, later Paul, was the man who got it all going. After his famous moment on the road to Damascus he decided this creed was for everyone, not just for Jews. His manic13) missionary journeys began to spread the word even to Rome. Eventually one of the least likely saints, Emperor Constantine14), made Christianity the official Roman religion, and now it's the world's most popular.

7万年前:现代人类的母亲走出非洲

根据DNA研究,现代人在一次迁徙中走出了非洲,就在其中一个部落来到今天的阿拉伯半岛后,现代人便开始遍布地球的各个角落。实际上,人们认为除撒哈拉沙漠以南的非洲人外,如今活着的每一个人从根本上来说都是同一位女性祖先的后代。虽然考古学家对此存有争论,但“走出非洲”理论是关于现代人起源最主流的一种解释。所以,从日本东京到芬兰赫尔辛基,从巴西圣保罗到英国萨弗隆·沃尔登,我们都是一家人。大家稀里糊涂地就成了一家人,就像是参加奥林匹克盛会那样,叫我心中颇觉怪异,又感动不已。

自1.1万年以前起:粥的诞生

或者这么说吧,粥的诞生是农业的出现至少带来的五个不同历史转折点中最早的那个——这里说的农业的出现是指人类在饲养一些牲畜的同时开始种植和挑选谷物。这意味着人类不再继续做游牧猎人,地球人口开始增长,种田的人不得不喂养更多的人口。这也意味着人类的牙齿开始退化,脊背受到劳损,而且要做很多极为无聊的工作。然而,如果没有农业,就不会有村庄和城镇,说真的,也根本不会有帝国、汽车、登月活动和人类历史。当然,随着转基因食品和水产养殖场的诞生,农业这个古老的故事还在继续。

约公元前2000年:大禹治水

与其说大禹是一位历史人物,倒不如说他是一位神话人物。据说,为治理中国黄河的特大洪灾,大禹劝说沿河居住的各个部落齐心协力一起疏通航道和运河,使其贯通为巨大的河网,大禹也因此统一了黄河流域各部落。事实证明,诸如黄河、尼罗河、底格里斯河、印度河这样的河流与早期文明的发展之间有着非常密切的联系。为了治理那些河流或将其用于灌溉,人们必须被组织起来并服从于某种形式的权威。这样一来,统治者和社会阶级就产生了。大禹象征着某种绝对真实的存在。中国的第一位英雄是一位土木工程师——这个观点我很喜欢。

约公元35年:扫罗摔倒在地

为什么拿撒勒的耶稣的教义能够迅速在地中海地区传播开来呢?扫罗(后更名为保罗)便是那位功臣。保罗来自塔尔苏斯,曾做过帐篷,也曾迫害过基督徒。经历了前往大马士革(编注:现为叙利亚首都)途中的那一著名时刻之后,保罗断定基督教教义不只属于犹太人,而属于所有人。他多次踏上狂热的传教之旅,甚至开始将教义传至罗马。最终,一位最不可能成为圣徒的人之一——君士坦丁大帝——使基督教成为罗马帝国的国教。如今,基督教是世界上最流行迎的宗教。

1.Andrew Marr: 安德鲁·马尔(1959~),苏格兰记者和政治评论家,曾做过英国《独立报》(The Independent)编辑、BBC新闻台政治栏目主编,从2005年起在BBC第一频道主持一档政治节目《安德鲁·马尔脱口秀》,从2007年起在BBC第二频道讲解现代英国历史,并从2012年起在系列纪录节目《安德鲁·马尔世界历史》中讲解世界历史。

2.modern human: 现代人,即智人,指与现代人类外形相同的人。关于智人最早出现在地球上的时期有各种不同的推测,通常认为是在大约20万年前。

3.\"out of Africa\" thesis: “走出非洲”理论。该理论认为所有现代人都起源于东非,后在6~12万年前迁徙到世界各地。该理论目前已有不少科学证据,其中最好的证据是非洲人的遗传多样性高于其他大陆的人,由此可以推断非洲人更古老。

4.woozy [ˈwuːzi] adj. 昏头昏脑的

5.porridge [ˈpɒrɪdʒ] n. (谷物或豆类煮成的)粥,糊

6.moment [ˈməʊmənt] n. (历史或事物发展的)关头,转折点

7.tether [ˈteðə(r)] v. (用绳等)拴

8.GM foods: 转基因食品。GM是genetically modified的缩写。

9.这里指扫罗在回大马士革途中看见耶稣异象,仆倒在地,不能动弹。据《圣经》记载,扫罗本是犹太教徒,信奉唯一的真神耶和华,为此迫害了不少信奉耶稣的基督徒,后经大马士革异象事件后成为耶稣的忠诚信徒。

10.creed [kriːd] n. 宗教信条;教义

11.Nazareth: 拿撒勒,以色列北部城市。《圣经·新约》中称其为耶稣的故乡。

12.persecutor [ˈpɜːsɪkjuːtə(r)] n. 迫害者

13.manic [ˈmænɪk] adj. 疯狂的,狂热的

14.Emperor Constantine: 君士坦丁大帝,是世界历史上第一位尊崇基督教的罗马皇帝,在使基督教后来转变成在欧洲占统治地位的宗教上起到了重大作用。

15.meld [meld] vt. 使合并

16.tilt [tɪlt] vt. 使倾斜

17.Pizarro: 指弗朗西斯科·皮萨罗(Francisco Pizarro, c.1471 or 1476~1541),西班牙人,征服了印加帝国。

18.Atahualpa: 阿塔瓦尔帕,秘鲁印加帝国末代皇帝(1525~1533年),成为西班牙人的俘虏,后被西班牙人施以绞刑。

19.microbe [ˈmaɪkrəʊb] n. (尤指引起疾病的)细菌

20.bullion [ˈbʊliən] n. 金条;银条

21.blow [bləʊ] vt. <口>挥霍;把钱花在……身上;款待

22.两千多年前,印加人就已经把土豆当做主食了,但直到两百多年前,土豆才在世界范围内被广泛接受。印加帝国灭亡后,西班牙侵略者曾将土豆带回国内,但却忽视了其价值。

23.smallpox [ˈsmɔːlpɒks] n.【医】天花

24.pus [pʌs] n. 脓

25.cowpox [ˈkaʊpɒks] n.【医】牛痘

26.1923年,时任纳粹党党魁的希特勒在慕尼黑啤酒馆发动暴动,意欲夺权,但遭到了警察的镇压。在这次镇压中,希特勒侥幸逃过一劫。这里指当地警察没有在当时射中希特勒,让希特勒日后有机会进行独裁统治,发动战争。

27.shambles [ˈʃæmblz] n. [用作单或复] <口>混乱(场面)

28.stupendously [stjuːˈpendəsli] adv. 惊人地

29.Mein Kampf:《我的奋斗》,希特勒自传,该书集国家主义、帝国主义、种族主义、反犹主义和反对民主主义思潮于一体。反犹主义是贯穿该书的一条主线。希特勒认为犹太人和斯拉夫人是劣等民族,雅利安人是优等人种,有权征服和统治其他民族。

30.enigmas [ɪˈnɪɡmə] n. 费解的事物;神秘(或不可理解)的人

31.detonation [ˌdetəˈneɪʃn] n. 爆炸

c.1162: Temujin is born ...

... and survives despite being exiled from his tribe and living wild in the forest. He will later rise to power, meld15) all the Mongol tribes together and take the name Genghis Khan, or world ruler. His devastating invasions of Asia destroyed Muslim civilisations and tilted16) the balance for the first time in favour of Christian Europe—one unintended consequence of a career that would also change Russia, India and China, making Temujin probably the most influential human in history. As to his private life, DNA researches suggest 16 million men alive now are direct descendants.

1532: Pizarro17) ambushes the Inca emperor Atahualpa18)

The Inca and their emperor, Atahualpa, were no innocents. They were a ruthless bunch, overwhelmed first by Spanish gunpowder and then by microbes19). Some 95% of the population disappeared after Europeans arrived in the Americas. Francisco Pizarro's obsession with gold and silver meant he melted down priceless artworks and sent them home as dreary blocks of bullion20). The Spanish blew21) the wealth on church decorations and unsuccessful wars. Meanwhile, Pizarro's men missed the really valuable object all around them—the potato22).

1796: Edward Jenner discovers vaccination

People had known for a long time that you could stop someone getting smallpox23) (one of the world's great killers, blinders and disfigurers) by infecting them with a tiny amount of pus24) or scabs. But this was also dangerous. Jenner discovered you could protect them by giving them harmless cowpox25). He did it by grabbing a local Gloucestershire boy and trying it. He wouldn't be allowed to do this now, of course, but he probably saved more lives than any other human who has ever lived. Along with Shakespeare, he deserves to be the best-known Englishman.

约1162年:铁木真出生……

……而且活了下来(尽管他被逐出部落,在森林中过着野外生活)。之后,他将登上权力的宝座,统一蒙古各部,尊号“成吉思汗”或“世界的统治者”。他对亚洲进行的毁灭性侵略摧毁了穆斯林文明,使文明的天平第一次向信奉基督教的欧洲倾斜——虽然这只是铁木真在建立伟业过程中的一个无心之举,却同样改变了俄罗斯、印度和中国的命运,使铁木真成为历史上很有可能是最有影响力的人物。至于他的私人生活,有DNA研究表明,在如今活着的人当中,有1600万人都是他的直系后裔。

1532年:皮萨罗伏击印加帝国皇帝

阿塔瓦尔帕

印加人及其皇帝阿塔瓦尔帕可不是无辜的受害者。他们这一群残酷无情的人先是被西班牙的火药打败,接着又被病菌(译注:指传染性疾病天花)击垮。欧洲人对美洲的这次入侵导致近95%的印加人死亡。对金银着魔的弗朗西斯科·皮萨罗将价值连城的艺术品熔毁,将其制成一块块毫无生气的金条运送回国。西班牙人把掠得的财富挥霍在教堂装潢和发动屡屡战败的战争上。而与此同时,皮萨罗的队伍错过了其四周遍布的真正的宝藏——土豆。

1796年:爱德华·詹纳发现了接种疫苗法

很久之前人们就已经意识到,通过用极少量的脓水或痂皮感染人的方式可以避免人们染上天花(世界上最致命的疾病之一,可使人失明、毁容)。然而,这种方式仍具有危险性。詹纳发现,通过给人注射无害的牛痘可以预防天花,他抓来了格洛斯克郡的一个当地男孩,在他身上进行了试验。当然如果放到现在,他的这种做法肯定是不允许的,然而,他救的人很可能比历史上任何一个人救的人都要多。他理应和莎士比亚一起成为最有名的英国人。

1923: A provincial policeman misses ...26)

... and damn! For Hitler had ducked. The marching rebel beside him was shot dead. Thus the Nazis' Munich \"beer-hall revolution\" ended in an embarrassing shambles27). The following year, Hitler got a relatively light sentence for treason. In prison he dictated a book originally with the stupendously28) bad title of My Four and a Half Years of Struggle Against Lies, Stupidity and Cowardice. But, in the renamed Mein Kampf29), Hitler told the world exactly what he intended to do next—what he thought of the Jews, and Germany's eastern destiny. But just then, the world wasn't listening.

1945: Hiroshima

The Los Alamos Manhattan Project brought scientists from Europe and America together to create the atom bomb, which devastated Hiroshima and Nagasaki. J Robert Oppenheimer, the man in charge, is one of history's great enigmas30)—lefty, humanitarian, immensely cultured, fascinated by eastern religions ... and also a man who ended up calculating the precise height for a detonation31) that would burn to death the most civilians, including children.

1923年:慕尼黑当地的警察失手了……

……该死!因为希特勒躲开了,在他身旁游行的那位纳粹叛逆分子则被击毙。于是,纳粹党在慕尼黑发动的“啤酒馆暴动”以一片令人难堪的混乱告终。次年,希特勒被判以叛国罪,量刑却相对较轻。在狱中,他通过口授完成了一本书,其原名为《我四年来同谎言、愚蠢和懦弱所作的斗争》,这个糟糕透顶的书名后被更名为《我的奋斗》。不过在这本书中,希特勒明确地告诉这个世界自己接下来要做些什么——包括他对犹太人的看法以及德国向东方扩张的命运。不过在当时,世界根本就没听。

1945年:广岛原子弹事件

美国洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室所进行的曼哈顿计划把欧洲和美国的科学家集结到一起来研制原子弹,该原子弹摧毁了日本的广岛和长崎。该计划的负责人J·罗伯特·奥本海默是历史上最令人费解的人物之一——作为左翼人士的他博爱仁慈,极富修养,对东方宗教深深着迷……然而,就是这样一个人最终计算出了原子弹爆炸的准确投弹高度,几乎将广岛和长崎包括儿童在内的所有平民活活烧死。