“四法”巧辨ｔｈａｔ从句

刘新会

that引导的从句是历年高考考查的重点和热点，尤其是that引导的强调句型、定语从句、主语从句和同位语从句更是重中之重。不少同学由于混淆它们之间的概念与用法，导致出现一些不该出现的错误。下面笔者结合近年高考题，谈谈如何运用以下“四法”对that引导的从句类型进行分辨。

一、运用“试减法”，区别强调句型和其他从句

区别强调句型和其他从句的最好方法是“试减法”。也就是说，如果把句子中“It be…that…”这一框架去掉，句子的剩余部分（可以进行位置上的调整）结构完整，意思通顺，合乎逻辑，则that引导的是强调句型，否则为其他从句。例如：

It was at nine yesterday that we met the film star.

（运用“试减法”，此句可改写为：We met the film star at nine yesterday. 显然，句子结构完整，意思通顺，故为强调句型。）

[考例]

It was not until she got home ____ Jennifer realized she had lost her keys. （2006全国Ⅱ）

A. when B. that C. where D. before

解析：根据“试减法”，此题可改写为：Jennifer didnt realize she had lost her keys until she got home。故应为强调句型。答案为B。

二、运用“成分法”，区别定语从句和其他从句

分析that引导的从句的句子成分，如果that在从句中充当主语或宾语，则此从句为定语从句。例如：

We must do everything that the teacher tells us to do.

（运用“成分法”，例句中的that在从句中充当宾语，故that引导的从句为定语从句。）

[考例]

1. Is this the reason ____ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?（2002上海春季）

A. that he explained B. what he explained

C. how he explained D. why he explained

解析：该题中的that充当explained的宾语，故that引导的从句为定语从句。答案为A。

2. Ill remember 2004 forever ____ is full of happiness.

A. when B. that C. it D. what

解析：这里的2004虽表示时间但不在句中作时间状语，而在从句中作主语，属于关系代词范畴，因此应填关系代词that引导定语从句。答案为B。

三、运用“还原法”，区别主语从句和其他从句

即去掉句首的It，把that引导的从句放置句首，如果新句子意思不变，合乎逻辑，则该从句为主语从句，否则为其他从句。例如：

Its clear that hes round and tall like a tree.

（运用“还原法”，该句可改写成：That hes round and tall like a tree is clear. that引导的从句为主语从句。）

[考例]

____ is our belief that improvements in health care will lead to a stronger, more prosperous economy. （2006浙江）

A. As B. That C. This D. It

解析：依据“还原法”，本题可改写成：That improvements in health care will lead to a stronger, more prosperous economy is our belief. 显然，that引导的从句是主语从句，作真正的主语，而形式主语只能用it。答案为D。

四、运用“试加法”，区别同位语从句和其他从句

同位语从句是对其前面的名词的内容加以进一步的说明和解释。若在名词和从句之间加系动词be，使该名词和从句构成一个新的句子，如果这个句子通顺、合乎逻辑，那么该句就是同位语从句。例如：

A story goes that Elizabeth I of England liked nothing more than being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen at court.

(运用“试加法”，该句可写成：A story is that Elizabeth I of England liked…at court. 显然，that从句是story的具体内容， 二者之间是同位关系。)

[考例]

1. ——Its thirty years since we last met. （2006四川）

——But I still remember the story, believe it or not, ____ we got lost on a rainy night.

A. which B. that C. what D. when

2. A warm thought suddenly came to me ____ I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mothers birthday. （2006安徽）

A. if B. when C. that D. which

解析：根据“试加法”，上述句子可写成：The story was that we got lost on a rainy night. 和A warm thought was that I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mothers birthday. 因此，两题均考查同位语从句。答案分别为1.B 2.C。

练一练：

1. Can you tell me the reason ____ he told you?

A. that B. why C. what D. it

2. Doris success lies in the fact ____ she is co-operative and eager to learn from others.

A. which B. that C. when D. why

3. It is what you do rather than what you say ____ matters.

A. that B. what C. which D. this

4. There is much chance ____ Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race.

A. that B. which C. until D. if

5. The Foreign Ministry said, “____ our hope that the two sides will work towards peace.”

A. This is B. There is C. That is D. It is

6. Theres a feeling in me ____ well never know what a UFO is—not ever.

A. that B. which C. of which D. what

7. It was in the bookstore ____ I met your brother the other day.

A. where B. that C. in which D. when

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